indian-navy-seeks-centre-approval-for-two-nuclear-submarines

The Indian Navy has formally approached the government for approval to construct two nuclear-powered conventionally armed submarines (SSNs) as part of its strategy to bolster maritime deterrence in the Indo-Pacific region.

 

The initiative comes in light of delays in 'Project Delta,' which aims to enhance India’s submarine fleet, primarily due to the ongoing geopolitical tensions arising from Russia's war in Ukraine.

The proposed expansion of the submarine fleet follows the Modi government's 2015 approval of a 30-year plan to develop six SSNs.

 

Currently, the navy is seeking an acceptance of necessity (AoN) for the initial two SSNs, a critical step towards advancing the project. Discussions at the highest levels of government are underway to expedite the approval process.

India’s nuclear capabilities are set to expand further with the imminent commissioning of INS Arighat, the country’s second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN). The first, INS Arihant, is already actively patrolling strategic waters in the Indo-Pacific. Additionally, INS Aridaman, India’s third SSBN, is expected to be commissioned early next year, further solidifying India's nuclear triad.

The initial plans to lease Russian Akula-class SSNs, termed Project Delta, have been stalled due to Russia's involvement in Ukraine and the resulting technological sanctions that could remain in effect until at least 2028. In response, the Indian Navy has pivoted towards developing its own SSNs while simultaneously constructing three more Kalvari (Scorpene) class diesel-electric submarines at Mazagon Dockyards in Mumbai.

The strategic necessity for SSNs stems from their operational advantages. Nuclear attack submarines possess greater range and endurance compared to conventional submarines, which require frequent surfacing for battery recharging. While SSNs can achieve speeds of 20 knots underwater, diesel-electric submarines typically operate at only four to five knots, even with air-independent propulsion.

As the Chinese Navy expands its capabilities, including long-range patrols into the Indian Ocean and the provision of Yuan-class SSKs to Pakistan, India recognises the urgent need to enhance its maritime deterrence. Notably, a Chinese Song-class submarine participated in a joint naval exercise with Pakistan last year, demonstrating its operational capabilities in the region.

Moreover, Bangladesh has also acquired two Ming-class submarines from China, adding to the regional security dynamics. India’s focus on SSNs is crucial as these vessels not only serve as a countermeasure against adversaries but also play a significant role in India’s strategic deterrence framework.

While SSBNs primarily contribute to nuclear deterrence and are essential for India's second-strike capability, the construction of SSNs is viewed as a necessary step to maintain the balance of power in the Indo-Pacific. The first four Arihant-class SSBNs will be equipped with K-15 ballistic missiles, boasting a range of 750 kilometres, while the subsequent class will feature the more advanced K-4 missiles with a range of 3,000 kilometres.